Network Working Group V. Cakulev Internet-Draft G. Sundaram Intended status: Informational I. Broustis Expires: May 17, 2012 Alcatel Lucent November 14, 2011 IBAKE: Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange draft-cakulev-ibake-06.txt Abstract Cryptographic protocols based on public key methods are based on certificates and public key infrastructure (PKI) to support certificate management. The emerging field of Identity Based Encryption protocols allows to simplify the infrastructure requirements via a Private-key Generator (PKG) while providing the same flexibility. However one significant limitation of Identity Based Encryption methods is that the PKG can end up being a de-facto key escrow server with undesirable consequences. Another observed deficiency is a lack of mutual authentication of communicating parties. Here, Identity Based Authenticated Key Exchange (IBAKE) Protocol is specified which does not suffer from the key escrow problem and in addition provides mutual authentication and a perfect forward and backwards secrecy. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 17, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Identity Based Authenticated Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. IBAKE Message Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2. IBAKE Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 1. Introduction Authenticated Key Agreements are cryptographic protocols where two or more participants, authenticate each other and agree on a key for future communication. These protocols could be symmetric key or asymmetric public key protocols. Symmetric key protocols require an out-of-band security mechanism to bootstrap a secret key. On the other hand, public key protocols require certificates and large scale public key infrastructure. Clearly public key methods are more flexible, however the requirement for certificates and a large scale public key infrastructure have proved to be challenging. In particular, efficient methods to support large scale certificate revocation and management have proved to be elusive. Recently, Identity Based Encryption (IBE) protocols have been proposed as a viable alternative to public key methods by simplifying the PKI requirements and replacing them with a Private-key Generator (PKG) to generate private keys. However, one significant limitation of Identity Based Encryption methods is that the PKG can end up being a de-facto key escrow server with undesirable consequences. Another limitation is a lack of mutual authentication between communicating parties. Here an Identity Based Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol is specified which does not suffer from the key escrow problem and Provides mutual authentication. In addition, the scheme described in this document allows the use of time-bound public identities and corresponding public and private keys, resulting in automatic expiration of private keys at the end of a time span indicated in the identity itself. With the self-expiration of the public identities, the traditional real-time validity verification and revocation is not required. For example, if the public identity is bound to one day, then, at the end of the day, the Public/Private Key pair issued to this peer will simply not be valid anymore. Nevertheless, just like with Public-Key-based certificate systems, if there is a need to revoke keys before the designated expiry time, communication with a third party will be needed. Finally, the protocol also provides forward and backwards secrecy of session keys. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 2. Requirements notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2.1. Definitions Identity-Based Encryption (IBE): Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a public-key encryption technology that allows a public key to be calculated from an identity and set of public parameters, and the corresponding private key to be calculated from the public key. The public key can then be used by an Initiator to encrypt messages which the recipient can decrypt using the corresponding private key. IBE framework is defined in [RFC5091], [RFC5408] and [RFC5409]. 2.2. Abbreviations EC Elliptic Curve IBE Identity Based Encryption IBAKE Identity Based Authenticated Key Exchange IDi Initiator's Identity IDr Responder's Identity K_PR Private Key K_PUB Public Key PKG Private-key Generator PKI Public Key Infrastructure 2.3. Conventions o E is an elliptic curve over a finite field F o P is a point on E of large prime order o e: E x E -> G is a bi-linear map on E. G is the group of n-th roots of unity where n is a function of the number of points on E over F. Typical example of a bi-linear map is the Weil pairing [BF]. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 o s is a non-zero positive integer. s is a secret stored in a Private-key Generator (PKG). This is a system-wide secret and not revealed outside the PKG. o Ppub = sP is the public key of the system that is known to all participants. sP denotes a point in E, and denotes the point P added to itself s times where addition refers to the group operation one E. o H1 is a known hash function that takes a string and assigns it to a point on the elliptic curve, i.e., H1(A) = QA on E, where A is usually based on the identity. o dA = sQA is the private key computed by the PKG, corresponding to the public identity A, and delivered only to A o H2 is a known hash function that takes an element of G and assigns it to a string o E(k, A) denotes that A is IBE-encrypted with the key k o s||t denotes concatenation of the strings s and t o K_PUBx denotes Public Key of x Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 3. Identity Based Authenticated Key Exchange 3.1. Overview IBAKE consists of a three-way exchange between an Initiator and a Responder. In the figure below, a conceptual signaling diagram of IBAKE is depicted. +---+ +---+ | I | | R | +---+ +---+ MESSAGE_1 ----------------------------------> MESSAGE_2 <---------------------------------- MESSAGE_3 ----------------------------------> Figure 1: Example IBAKE Message Exchange The Initiator (I) and Responder (R) are attempting to mutually authenticate each other and agree on a key using IBAKE. This specification assumes that the Initiator and the Responder trust a third party, the Private-key Generator (PKG). Rather than a single PKG, several different PKGs may be involved, e.g. one for the Initiator and one for the Responder. The Initiator and the Responder do not share any credentials, however they know or can obtain each other's public parameters. This specification does not make any assumption on when and how the Private Keys are obtained. However, to complete the protocol described (i.e. to decrypt encrypted messages in the IBAKE protocol exchange) the Initiator and the Responder need to have their respective Private Keys. The procedures needed to obtain the private keys and public parameters are outside of scope of this specification. The details of these procedures can be found in [RFC5091] and [RFC5408]. Finally, the protocol described relies on the use of elliptic curves. Section 3.3 discusses the choice of elliptic curves. However, how the Initiator and the Responder agree on a specific elliptic curve is left to application that is leveraging IBAKE protocol (see [I-D.cakulev-emu-eap-ibake] for example). The Initiator chooses random x. In the first step, the Initiator computes xP (i.e., P, as a point on E, added to itself x times using the addition law on E), encrypts xP, IDi and IDr using Responder's public key (e.g., K_PUBr=H1(IDr||date)) and includes this encrypted Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 information in a MESSAGE_1 message sent to the Responder. In this step encryption refers to identity based encryption described in [RFC5091] and [RFC5408]. The Responder, upon receiving the message, IBE-decrypts it using its private key (e.g. private key for that date), and obtains xP. The Responder next chooses random y and computes yP. The Responder then IBE-encrypts Initiator's identity (IDi), its own identity (IDr), xP, and yP using Initiator's Public Key (e.g., K_PUBi=H1(IDi||date)). The Responder includes this encrypted information in MESSAGE_2 message sent to the Initiator. The Initiator upon receiving and IBE-decrypting MESSAGE_2 obtains yP. Subsequently, the Initiator sends MESSAGE_3 message to the Responder, including IBE-encrypted IDi, IDr and yP. At this point both the Initiator and the Responder are able to compute the same session key as xyP. 3.2. IBAKE Message Exchange Initially, the Initiator selects a random x and computes xP; The Initiator MUST use a fresh, random value for x on each run of the protocol. The Initiator then encrypts xP, IDi and IDr using Responder's public key (e.g., K_PUBr=H1(IDr||date)). The Initiator includes this encrypted information in a MESSAGE_1 and sends it to the Responder as shown below. Initiator ----> Responder MESSAGE_1 = E(K_PUBr, IDi || IDr || xP) Upon receiving MESSAGE_1 message, the Responder SHALL perform the following: o Decrypt the message as specified in [RFC5091] and [RFC5408] o Obtain xP o The Responder selects a random y and computes yP. The Responder MUST use a fresh, random value for x on each run of the protocol. o Encrypt the Initiator's identity (IDi), its own identity (IDr), xP and yP using Initiator's Public Key (K_PUBi). Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 Responder ----> Initiator MESSAGE_2 = E(K_PUBi, IDi || IDr || xP || yP) Upon receiving MESSAGE_2 message, the Initiator SHALL perform the following: o Decrypt the message as specified in [RFC5091] and [RFC5408] o Verify that the received xP is the same as sent in MESSAGE_1 o Obtain yP o Encrypt its own identity (IDi), the Responder's identity (IDr) and yP using Responder's Public Key (K_PUBi). Initiator ----> Responder MESSAGE_3 = E(K_PUBr, IDi || IDr || yP) Upon receiving MESSAGE_3 message, the Responder SHALL perform the following: o Decrypt the message as specified in [RFC5091] and [RFC5408]. o Verify that the received yP is the same as sent in MESSAGE_2 If any of the above verifications fails, the protocol halts; otherwise, following this exchange both the Initiator and the Responder have authenticated each other and are able to compute xyP as the session key. At this point, both protocol participants MUST discard all intermediate cryptographic values, including x and y. Similarly, both parties MUST immediately discard these values whenever the protocol terminates as a result of a verification failure or timeout. 3.3. Discussion Properties of the protocol are as follows: o Immunity from key escrow: Observe that all the steps in the protocol exchange are encrypted using IBE. So clearly the PKG can decrypt all the exchanges. However, given the above made assumption that PKGs are trusted and well behaved (e.g., PKGs will not mount an active Man-in-the-Middle attack), the PKG cannot Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 compute the session key. This is because of the hardness of the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman problem. In other words, given xP and yP it is computationally hard to compute xyP. o Mutually Authenticated Key Agreement: Observe that all the steps in the protocol exchange are encrypted using IBE. In particular only the Responder and its corresponding PKG can decrypt the contents of the MESSAGE_1 and MESSAGE_3 sent by the Initiator, and similarly only the Initiator and its corresponding PKG can decrypt the contents of the MESSAGE_2 sent by the Responder. Again, given the above made assumption that PKGs are trusted and well behaved (e.g., a PKG will not impersonate a user it issued a Private Key to) upon receiving MESSAGE_2, the Initiator can verify the Responder's authenticity since xP could have been sent in MESSAGE_2 only after decryption of the contents of MESSAGE_1 by the Responder. Similarly, upon receiving MESSAGE_3, the Responder can verify the Initiator's authenticity since yP could have been sent back in MESSAGE_3 only after correctly decrypting the contents of MESSAGE_2 and this is possible only by the Initiator. Finally both the Initiator and the Responder can agree on the same session key. In other words, the protocol is a mutually authenticated key agreement protocol based on IBE. The hardness of the key agreement protocol relies on the hardness of the Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman problem. So clearly in any practical implementation care should be devoted to the choice of elliptic curve. o Perfect forward and backwards secrecy: Since x and y are random, xyP is always fresh and unrelated to any past or future sessions between the Initiator and the Responder. o No passwords: Clearly the IBAKE protocol does not require any offline exchange of passwords or secret keys between the Initiator and the Responder. In fact the method is applicable to any two parties communicating for the first time through any communication network. The only requirement is to ensure that both the Initiator and the Responder are aware of each other's public keys and public parameters of PKG which generated the corresponding private keys. o PKG availability: Observe that PKGs need not be contacted during IBAKE protocol exchange, which dramatically reduces availability requirements on PKG. o Choice of elliptic curves: This specification relies on the use of elliptic curves for both IBE encryption as well as for Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman exchange. When making a decision on the choice of elliptic curves, it is beneficial to choose two Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 different elliptic curves, one for the internal calculations of Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman values xP and yP, and another for the IBE encryption/decryption. For the calculations of Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman values, it is beneficial to use the NIST recommended curves [FIPS-186]. These curves make the calculations simpler while keeping the security high. On the other hand, identity-based encryption (IBE) systems are based on bilinear pairings. Therefore, the choice of an elliptic curve for IBE is restricted to a family of supersingular elliptic curves over finite fields of large prime characteristic. The appropriate elliptic curves for IBE encryption are described in [RFC5091]. o Implementation considerations: An implementation of IBAKE would consist of two primary modules, i.e., point addition operations over a NIST curve, and IBE operations over a super-singular curve. The implementation of both modules only needs to be aware of the following parameters: (a) the full description of the curves that are in use (fixed or negotiated), (b) the public parameters of the KGF used for the derivation of IBE private keys and (c) the exact public identity of each IBAKE participant. The knowledge of these parameters is sufficient to perform ECC operations in different terminals and produce the same results, independently of the implementation. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 4. Security Considerations This draft is based on the basic Identity Based Encryption protocol, as specified in [BF], [RFC5091]), [RFC5408] and [RFC5409], and as such inherits some properties of that protocol. For instance, by concatenating the "date" with the identity (to derive the public key), the need for any key revocation mechanisms is virtually eliminated. Moreover, by allowing the participants to acquire multiple private keys (e.g., for duration of contract) the availability requirements on the PKG are also reduced without any reduction in security. The granularity associated with the "date" is a matter of security policy, and as such a decision made by the PKG administrator. However, the granularity applicable to any given participant should be publicly available and known to other participants. For example, this information can be made available in the same venue which provides "public information" of PKG server (i.e., P, sP) needed to execute IB encryption. 4.1. General Attacks on the cryptographic algorithms used in Identity Based Encryption are outside the scope of this document. It is assumed that any administrator will pay attention to the desired strengths of the relevant cryptographic algorithms based on an up to date understanding of the strength of these algorithms from published literature as well as known attacks. It is assumed that the PKGs are secure, not compromised, trusted, and will not engage in launching active attacks independently or in a collaborative environment. Nevertheless, if an active adversary can fool the parties that it is a legitimate PKG then it can mount a successful MitM attack. Therefore, care should be taken when choosing a PKG. In addition, any malicious insider could potentially launch passive attacks (by decryption of one or more message exchanges offline). While it is in the best interest of administrators to prevent such issue, it is hard to eliminate this problem. Hence, it is assumed that such problems will persist, and hence the session key agreement protocols are designed to protect participants from passive adversaries. It is also assumed that the communication between participants and their respective PKGs is secure. Therefore, in any implementation of the protocols described in this document, administrators of any PKG have to ensure that communication with participants is secure and not compromised. Finally, concatenating the "date" to the identity ensures that the corresponding private key is applicable only to that date. This Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 serves to limit the damages related to a leakage or compromise of private keys to just that date. This in particular, eliminates the revocation mechanisms that are typical to various certificate based public key protocols. 4.2. IBAKE Protocol For the basic IBAKE protocol from a cryptographic perspective following security considerations apply. In every step Identity Based Encryption (IBE) is used, with the recipient's public key. This guarantees that only the intended recipient of the message and its corresponding PKG can decrypt the message [BF]. Next, the use of identities within the encrypted payload is intended to eliminate some basic reflection attacks. For instance, suppose we did not use identities as part of the encrypted payload, in the first step of the IBAKE protocol (i.e., MESSAGE_1 of Figure 1 in Section 3.1). Furthermore, assume an adversary who has access to the conversation between initiator and responder and can actively snoop into packets and drop/modify them before routing them to the destination. For instance, assume that the IP source address and destination address can be modified by the adversary. After the first message is sent by the initiator (to the responder), the adversary can take over and trap the packet. Next the adversary can modify the IP source address to include adversary's IP address, before routing it onto the responder. The responder will assume the request for an IBAKE session came from the adversary, and will execute step 2 of the IBAKE protocol (i.e., MESSAGE_2 of Figure 1 in Section 3.1) but encrypt it using the adversary's public key. The above message can be decrypted by the adversary (and only by the adversary). In particular, since the second message includes the challenge sent by the initiator to the responder, the adversary will now learn the challenge sent by the initiator. Following this, the adversary can carry on a conversation with the initiator "pretending" to be the responder. This attack will be eliminated if identities are used as part of the encrypted payload. In summary, at the end of the exchange both initiator and responder can mutually authenticate each other and agree on a session key. Recall that Identity Based Encryption guarantees that only the recipient of the message can decrypt the message using the private key. The caveat being, the PKG which generated the private key of recipient of message can decrypt the message as well. However, the PKG cannot learn the public key "xyP" given "xP" and "yP" based on the hardness of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman problem. This property of resistance to passive key escrow from the PKG, is not Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 applicable to the basic IBE protocols proposed in [RFC5091]), [RFC5408] and [RFC5409]. Observe that the protocol works even if the initiator and responder belong to two different PKGs. In particular, the parameters used for encryption to the responder and parameters used for encryption to the initiator can be completely different and independent of each other. Moreover, the Elliptic Curve used to generate the session key "xyP" can be completely different and chosen during the key exchange. If such flexibility is desired, then it would be required to add optional extra data to the protocol to exchange the algebraic primitives used in deriving the session key. In addition to mutual authentication, and resistance to passive escrow, the Diffie-Hellman property of the session key exchange guarantees perfect secrecy of keys. In others, accidental leakage of one session key does not compromise past or future session keys between the same initiator and responder. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 5. IANA Considerations At this time there are no IANA considerations. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 6. References 6.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 6.2. Informative References [BF] Boneh, D. and M. Franklin, "Identity-Based Encryption from the Weil Pairing", in SIAM J. of Computing, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 586-615, 2003. [FIPS-186] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "FIPS Pub 186-3: Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", June 2009. [I-D.cakulev-emu-eap-ibake] Cakulev, V. and I. Broustis, "An EAP Authentication Method Based on Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange", draft-cakulev-emu-eap-ibake-00 (work in progress), March 2011. [RFC5091] Boyen, X. and L. Martin, "Identity-Based Cryptography Standard (IBCS) #1: Supersingular Curve Implementations of the BF and BB1 Cryptosystems", RFC 5091, December 2007. [RFC5408] Appenzeller, G., Martin, L., and M. Schertler, "Identity- Based Encryption Architecture and Supporting Data Structures", RFC 5408, January 2009. [RFC5409] Martin, L. and M. Schertler, "Using the Boneh-Franklin and Boneh-Boyen Identity-Based Encryption Algorithms with the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5409, January 2009. Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IBAKE November 2011 Authors' Addresses Violeta Cakulev Alcatel Lucent 600 Mountain Ave. 3D-517 Murray Hill, NJ 07974 US Phone: +1 908 582 3207 Email: violeta.cakulev@alcatel-lucent.com Ganapathy S. Sundaram Alcatel Lucent 600 Mountain Ave. 3D-517 Murray Hill, NJ 07974 US Phone: +1 908 582 3209 Email: ganesh.sundaram@alcatel-lucent.com Ioannis Broustis Alcatel Lucent 600 Mountain Ave. 3D-526 Murray Hill, NJ 07974 US Phone: +1 908 582 3744 Email: ioannis.broustis@alcatel-lucent.com Cakulev, et al. Expires May 17, 2012 [Page 16]